The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Aids ) Essay - 1235 Words

Introduction At the end of 2011, an estimated 1.2 million people aged 13 and older were living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that approximately 50,000 people are newly infected with HIV each year (CDC, 2013). Fortunately, after more than 30 years of research on HIV, much progress has been made in fighting this disease. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) transformed what was once a death sentence into a manageable disease for individuals with drug-susceptible viral strains, who have access to antiretroviral drugs, and are compliant with their prescribed therapy. ART not only prolongs life, but also dramatically reduces the rate of HIV transmission (Deeks et al., 2012). Unfortunately, substantial challenges exist to maintain access to and funding for lifelong ART (Dolin et al., 2009; HRSA, 2012; Lewin, 2013), standard therapies do not fully restore health or a normal immune system in HIV-in fected individuals, and patients still experience comorbidities, such as increased cardiovascular diseases, bone disorders, and cognitive impairment (Deeks et al., 2012; Hsue et al., 2012; Phillips et al., 2008). It is possible that these HIV-associated complications are due to the toxic effects of treatment or the consequences of persistent inflammation and immune dysfunction (Katlama et al., 2013). Therefore, the International AIDS Society (IAS) convened a team of more than 40 scientistsShow MoreRelatedThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Aids ) Essay2117 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The Human Immunodeficiency Virus is coming from a subgroup of retrovirus called Lentivirus which causes HIV infection leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) later on among humans. AIDS is a human condition which progresses to the failure of the immune system, causing life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Treatments can be given, but without those, survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtypeRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Aids ) Essay2084 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The Human Immunodeficiency Virus is from a sub group from retrovirus called Lentivirus which causes HIV infection leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a human condition which progresses to the failure of the immune system causing life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending in the HIV subtype. Vital cells in the human immune system such asRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Aids )1381 Words   |  6 Pagesdamaging diseases, and Ebola and HIV/Aids fall into the categories as one of the tougher diseases. Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the earlier stages of aids, it is a virus that either destroys or impairs the functions of the immune system cells. The last stage of HIV is the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which is when the immune system is defenseless to normal infections which now can be deadly. Ebola generally does the same thing as HIV/Aids, it attacks the immune system initiallyRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Aids )1765 Words   |  8 PagesThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus Degie Gelaw American Sentinel University The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are public health threats that require comprehensive, organized, and evidence-based control and prevention programs. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine formerly known as the Institute of Medicine (IOM) appointed a 19-member multidisciplinary expert council to study the emergence of microbial threats to health and publishedRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Aids1278 Words   |  6 PagesHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and involving the transmission of multiple risk behavior. However, with the introduction of various prevention programs andRead MoreHuman Immun odeficiency Virus : Hiv And Aids1935 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, better known as the acronym HIV is a virus that destroys the immune system and can evolve into an infection. HIV is known a as pandemic because the immune system can fight off the infection but can never clear the HIV out of the body. â€Å"HIV is spread through contact with the blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, or breast milk of a person infected with HIV.† [AIDS] According to AIDS.info, in the United States, the virus is usually contractedRead MoreHiv / Aids : An Acronym For Human Immunodeficiency Virus971 Words   |  4 Pageswith no vaccine or cure. That disease is HIV/AIDS. A disease that is so powerful its position in our society has moved from epidemic to pandemic. In this paper we will explore HIV/AIDS and my one-day journey at one of Delaware County’s largest full service HIV/AIDS providers and how it changed my perspective on the disease a nd the people who carry it. What is HIV/AIDS? HIV is an acronym for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus can only attack humans, hence the name, and reproduces by taking overRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) And Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease ( Aids )1366 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Over the last three decades, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease (AIDS) epidemic has been a public health concern in the United States (US) and globally. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], (2015d) estimates that in the US, over 1.2 million people are living with HIV, of which 12.8% are unaware of their diagnosis. Due to exceptional medical advances in treatment and prevention strategies, a healthier quality of life and longevityRead MoreHiv / Aids Paper : Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay1835 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 2016 HIV / AIDS Paper Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the human immune system, your body’s means of defense. The virus attacks specific viral defense cells, known as CD4+. As the disease spreads and attacks more CD4+ cells, your body no longer maintains its’ ability to fight of infections and diseases which leads to the death of the host. The final stage of HIV is known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). During this stage of the virus, the host getsRead MoreHiv / Aids ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Human Immune Deficiency )1249 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduction to the topic of HIV/AIDS, (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Human Immune Deficiency) from its early appearance as a deadly communicable disease that causes a viral infection in humans. During the 1960’s the infection was largely due to unprotected sex; the victims contracted the disease mostly due to unprotected sexual contacts from others who already had the virus. It became an epidemic and even pandemic. Those infected eventually died from HIV/AIDS as it came to be known, and there

The 4 Elements Of The Movement Of Hip Hop - 1654 Words

The 4 Elements of the Movement of Hip Hop The Urban Dictionary’s definition of Hip Hop is: A name for the 4 elements of the late 70 s New York City renaissance which includes break dancing, emceeing, (rapping) graffiti, and turntablism. Wikipedia’s definition is: Hip hop or hip-hop is a subcultural movement that formed during the early 1970s by African-American and Puerto Rican youths residing in the South Bronx in New York City. Hip hop is truly several forms of art used to express emotions visually, aurally, orally, physically. It is then categorized into 4 separate parts: mceeing, Djing, breakdancing and graffiti. All have evolved from when they were first created, shifted over the years and now apply to modern times. Many people have different versions to how Hip Hop was created. The one most often believed is how Dj Kool Herc came across 3 of the components that make up hip hop. When trying to entertain at a birthday party using a turntable, he accidentally expanded a break in the beat. A technique now known as scratching was invented and people began to rhyme, and breakdance during this break. Mceeing or rapping to the beats made by a dj and his turntable, the most popular of the foundations of hip hop, took the Black and Puerto Rican communities by storm. Eventually spreading out from the select neighborhoods, making its way to the rest of the world. Though people were dubious about this style of music becoming popular, now rap music is one of the most listenedShow MoreRelatedRap Or Hip Hop Is More Than Just Another Music Genre940 Words   |  4 PagesRap or Hip Hop is more than just another music genre, it is a movement full of more aspects than one could imagine. The film â€Å"The Art of Rap† directed, produced, and hosted by Ice-T, exemplifies the different aspects and explains the importance of Hip Hop while taking a journey interviewing many legendary MC’s, giving the viewer an inside perspective of this music and the art of MC’ing. This film also heavily resonates with the book Rap Music and Street Consciousness. Ice-T interviews many influentialRead MoreYouth And The Hip Hop Youth Culture1695 Words   |  7 Pagesappearance. In this essay, I will analyse how globalisation, popular culture, and consumerism emerge as factors that influence the participation of young people in the hip-hop youth culture in Australia. I will also apply the human ecological theory in order to facilitate the understanding of factors that affect youth participation in the hip-hop culture. Culture is generally described as a way of life. It entails the meanings, values, practices, and beliefs that are usually contrasted with structure, natureRead MoreBreak Dancing Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesBreak Dancing Most people have heard of break dancing and have been amazed and mystified by the extraordinary movement, but what is it really and where did originate from? Many people have influenced the history of break dancing and will continue to. From being a recreational sport it has become competitive and addictive to hundreds of people all around the world as some of the greats of the business like Kujo to the new learners experiment and progress further the sportRead MoreHarlem Renaissance the Hip Hop Movement2779 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Hip-hop Movement AN OVERVIEW The Harlem Renaissance and the Hip-Hop Movement are a culmination of co-related cultural art forms that have emerged out of the black experience. White people understood black people more through their expression of art during both movements. Both movements brought about a broad cross-racial following and, ironically, in both instances brought about a better understanding of the black experience for white America. The bridge between Be-Bop and Hip-Hop wasRead MoreWomen Of Hip Hop Culture Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesWomen have decided to consume hip hop regardless of the sexism and machismo of their rap artist spouses. Historically, black women who have sex with other women haven’t been recognized in the Black community. Also, the expectations are the same in hip hop culture because men reject lesbians. An example is the murder in 2003 of Sakia Gunn after she declared her lesbian identity to a group of males. We all know that in hip hop culture men predominate and p recisely masculine. Women can achieve a higherRead MoreThe Golden Era of East Coast Hip-Hop2032 Words   |  9 PagesThe Golden era of east coast hip-hop This piece will demonstrate an understanding of the golden era of East coast hip-hop, from 1986 to 1993, focusing and analysing the historical roots, influences and inspirational individuals, giving reference to musical examples that shaped East coast hip-hop. Attention will also be centred on the legacy left, concentrating on the music that was influenced as well as the resulting change in fashion and political views. Historical roots influence TheRead MoreThe Bad Touch Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"alternative rock†, while 107.9 The End believes that their music genre is hip hop, and pop. These two radio station would be considered to be very different by most people, this is why it seemed so peculiar that they would be playing the same song. In order to understand the difference between the two different genres that the radio stations play we will first have to identify the differences between the alternative rock, and hip hop pop. The roots of rock and roll started in the South with rhythm andRead MoreHip Hop And Its Influence On The Culture Essay2067 Words   |  9 PagesHip hop is one of the most prominent component in life and culture today. Today, it is often affiliated as being a musical genre and style that is debatably the leading factor in music today. But hip hop is far more than that. It is a culture and a way life. It has helped form most what we know today. It has greatly influenced many ways that we choose to define ourselves. Clothing styles, all forms of art media, storytelling, and many other canvases that we typically use in our everyday life hasRead MoreHip Hop Wars By Tricia Rose3817 Words   |  16 PagesWhen Tricia Rose speaks to the concept of â€Å"hip hop wars† in her writing, she is referring to a broad range of different conflicts that are taking place in all areas of hip hop. In the introduction to her book, she begins to explain her multitude of concerns surrounding certa in topics in hip hop. She begins by saying that the most financially successful hip hop has become a way of caricaturing â€Å"black gangstas, pimps and hoes† (p. 1). She goes on to explain that homophobia, hypersexism, antisocialRead MoreHip Hop And Rap Music Essay1941 Words   |  8 Pageswith the increased presence of hip-hop culture within American culture, many educators no longer view hip-hop culture with the same air of skepticism common in the early stages of HHBE.† Hip Hop Based Education also referred to as HHBE is movement that helps bring hip hop into the classroom.(USE THAT SOURCE HERE) HHBE has many positive and influential outcomes for children living in inner cities. Hip hop music has categories and one of them is rap. By bringing hip hop and rap music into schools it

World Religions Report In APA Style Free Essays

string(80) " blessings and readings from the Torah and is led by a teacher, called a rabbi\." Judaism is the Jewish religion. It is one of the oldest of the great world religions, and is the mother religion of both Christianity and Islam. Judaism was not founded by one towering personality, as were most other religions. We will write a custom essay sample on World Religions Report In APA Style or any similar topic only for you Order Now Abraham and Moses are not regarded as founders. Abraham was the â€Å"father of the Hebrew people† and Moses was the â€Å"law-giver†. With the destruction of Solomon’s temple at Jerusalem in 586 B. C. began the scattering of the Hebrews over many lands. From then on Judaism developed as a religion without the priestly class of the ancient temple. Moreover, Judaism is one of the oldest beliefs that are still observed and practiced up to the present and considered as one of the first recorded â€Å"monotheistic† faiths. The Jewish’s values and history are the main part of the foundation of different Abrahamic religions like Christianity, Islam, Samaritanism and the Baha’i Faith. In 2006, Judaism’s devotees are approximately 14 million that makes Judaism faith as the eleventh-biggest organized religion globally. Unlike with other religions, Judaism is totally distinct in such a way that its â€Å"central authority is not vested in any person or group† but it abides in its writings and traditions. This would mean that Judaism religion does not have a head or a leader that oversees them but they rather obey what is written in its writings and traditions. Moreover, the Judaism church is continually bound to a number of religious practices and beliefs, specifically its belief that there is one, omnipotent, omni benevolent, transcended omniscient God who made the heavens and the earth and continually have its control over mankind. The conventional Jewish belief stated that the God who made the universe had made a covenant with the Jewish people only and gave his laws and commandments through Torah. Judaism‘s belief and practices are focused on these laws and commandments (see Asheri, Michael. Living Jewish: the Lore and law of the Practicing Jew, 1999). According to Jewish law, anyone who has a Jewish mother counts as a Jew, even if he or she is not religious. Many Jews do, however, actively follow the religious practices of Judaism. Judaism is one of the world’s oldest religions, beginning some 3,500 years ago in the Middle East. Today, there are about 18 million Jews. They live all over the world, but mostly in the United States, Europe and Israel. There are many different groups of Jews with different ways of practicing their faith. The main groups are Orthodox, Reform and Conservative Jews (see Jacobs, Louis. The Book of Jewish Belief (Behrman House, 2000). II. Background According to the Jewish holy books, the first Jew was a man called Abraham, who is known as the father of the Jewish people. He was the leader of a group of nomadic people, called the Hebrews. At that time, the Hebrews worshipped many different gods. Abraham taught his people that there is only one God and that they should worship only him. Jews believe that God made a covenant, or agreement, with Abraham. If Abraham and his people worshipped God and lived good and just lives, God would look after them and give them a land of their own to live in. This was the Promised Land of Canaan (see Shenker, Israel. Coat of many Colors: Pages from Jewish Life (Doubleday, 2001). The Jews settled in Canaan but centuries later, famine forced their descendants to move to Egypt in search of food. They worked for the Egyptians but were treated like slaves and their lives were extremely miserable. God remembered his promise to Abraham and sent a man called Moses to lead the Jews to freedom. Several times, Moses asked the Pharaoh to let the Jews go, but each time he refused. Only after God sent ten terrible plagues to Egypt did the Pharaoh change his mind. Moses led the Jews out of Egypt and into the desert. After 40 years of wandering, God guided the Jews back to the Promised Land (see Prager, Dennis, and Joseph Telushkin. Nine Questions People Ask About Judaism (Simon Schuster, 1999). The Jewish scriptures are called the Tenakh. They are divided into three parts—the Torah (5 Books of Teaching), the Nevi’im (21 Books of the Prophets) and the Ketuvim (13 Books of Writings). The initials of the three parts—T, N and K—give the word Tenakh. For Jews, the Torah is the most important part of their scriptures because it contains the rules that teach Jews how to live their lives. These are the teachings that God gave to Moses on Mount Sinai during the Jews’ journey through the desert. They are summed up by ten rules, or commandments (see Musaph-Andriesse, R. G. From Torah to Kabbalah: a Basic Introduction to the Writings of Judaism (Oxford University, 1998). 1. I am the Lord your God. 2. Worship no other gods but me. 3. Do not use God’s name falsely. 4. Keep the Sabbath day holy. . Respect your father and mother. 6. Do not kill. 7. Do not commit adultery. 8. Do not steal. 9. Do not tell lies about other people. 10. Do not be jealous of other people’s possessions. Copies of the Torah are handwritten on scrolls and kept in the synagogue, the Jewish place of worship. Traditional Jews follow the Torah exactly and believe that its teachings should not be changed. Less traditional Jews believe that the teaching of the Torah can be adapted to make them more suitable for modern life. Jews can worship anywhere but many choose to pray with other Jews at the synagogue. The word synagogue means â€Å"meeting place†. Synagogues are not only places of worship but also centers for study, celebration and for the community to meet. Large synagogues have services every day but many Jews go to the synagogue only on the Sabbath (called Shabbat in Hebrew) (see below) and special holy days. The service on the morning of the Sabbath lasts for about two hours. A service includes prayers, blessings and readings from the Torah and is led by a teacher, called a rabbi. You read "World Religions Report In APA Style" in category "Papers" Readings from the Torah are given from a raised platform, called a bimah, in the centre of the synagogue. When they are not in use, the scrolls of the Torah are kept in a special alcove, called the Holy Ark. This is the holiest part of the synagogue. Everyone faces the Ark as they pray (see Musaph-Andriesse, R. G. From Torah to Kabbalah: a Basic Introduction to the Writings of Judaism (Oxford University, 1998). At services in the synagogue, Jewish men wear a small cap, called a kippah, to show respect for God. At some services, men also wear a prayer shawl that reminds the person wearing it of God. Traditional Jews may also wear two small leather boxes, called tefillin. One is worn on the middle of the forehead; the other is tied to the arm, facing the heart. Inside the boxes are tiny scrolls on which passages from the Torah are written. The tefillin remind Jews that they should love God with their whole hearts and minds (see Musaph-Andriesse, R. G. From Torah to Kabbalah: a Basic Introduction to the Writings of Judaism (Oxford University, 1998). III. Discussion A. Name and Location of the Site The interview was conducted at Mikvah Chabad House at New Brunswick, New Jersey this is where I had the chance to conversed and interview Gary Austein. It is the place where Jewish people go for spiritual purification. Going in these place help Jewish women come together with their husband and together with their love for each other where in they also follow the commandments that God has established for His people. Mitzvah of Mikvah is one of their tradition in which helps them get more connected with their God. B. Interview Summary During the interview I asked Gary Austein the important holidays and traditions of this religion. He answered â€Å"The important holidays and tradition of Judaism are Yom Kippur. Rosh Hashana and the Passover. The holiest day in the Jewish calendar is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. This day is set aside to repent for the sins of the previous year. It is a day when any adult who has been Bar/Bat Mitzvah’d (age 12-13) fasts and reflects on the past year and asks God for forgiveness. Rosh Hashana is the previous weeks and is the Jewish New Year. Passover is in the spring and it is a time when Jews cannot eat unleavened bread reflecting on the Israelites exodus from Egypt. † When I asked him on how Judaism has shaped his life. And I quote â€Å"Religion defines who I am as a person. I would say I am a Jew first and an American second, that is how important it is to me. My value and belief system is a product of my Jewish identity and upbringing. My adult life has brought my Judaism more into my life than ever as I now have a Jewish home, Jewish wife and child on the way. I also work at a Jewish Day School so I am always reminded of my Jewish identity as both my professional and personal life revolves around my religion. † Jews throughout the world are always a target of anti-Semitism. This is a fact that they accepted and so with other families. It is scary that millions upon millions of people have been murdered because of their belief in Judaism. Between the Holocausts, pogroms in Russia, and terrorist’s attacks, an astounding amount of Jews have died because of their belief. Society is not very conducive for an observant Jewish lifestyle; Jews are supposed to observe the Sabbath (Friday night to Saturday night) and are not supposed to drive, work, spend money, etc. A lot happens on the weekends so this is difficult. Also if you keep Kosher (Jewish dietary restrictions) it is difficult to eat out as the vast majority of food and restaurants are not kosher. People have much false impression about Judaism. A lack of understanding and acceptance has led to misconceptions, not only of Judaism, but throughout the world. People need to always remind themselves that both Christianity and Islam were born from Judaism. Both religions accept the Torah (the Jewish Bible, also referred to at the Old Testament) as the word of God and credit Judaism for the birth of their respective religions. If people are more aware of this people then maybe open to differences of people. Judaism defines who a Jew is, they wear it as a badge of honor. For them it is amazing that time still honors traditions that are still practiced at present. Something like male circumcision is the oldest religious tradition in the world today. It is amazing that it has lasted for thousands of years. It shows the resiliency and the testament of the Jewish faith that they are able to continue throughout the generations. Judaism has greatly shaped his life as a Jew. And it is through the people around that have helped him a lot in his Religious belief. His parents gave him his Jewish identity and the friends of his family have nurtured it. His best friend who is a rabbinical student has been very influential in shaping his Jewish identity. His marriage also shaped his Jewish identity as his wife converted to Judaism which has given him a newfound zeal and love for his religion. His study of Holocaust has been a dramatic part of his Jewish identity. Finally his visits to Israel, the Jewish state has given him a unique pride in his homeland. He considers himself a Conservative Jew which is best classified as the middle of the road. For the most part, Jews of different backgrounds are fairly understanding and respectful of the traditions and practices of other sects of Judaism, with the exception of the ultra-Orthodox movement. He believes that if you are a Jewish according to the laws and traditions of Moses then it does not matter how you practice as long as you believe it in your heart. However, he believes that there are certain misinterpretations some of the other sects have undertaken, but that is not something that he could be worried or be burden about. Judaism has been the common bond of the Jewish people. It is the foundation of their culture and the reason for the creation of Israel, the Jewish State. Israel is the most important tangible asset they have and something that must be protected at all costs. Judaism is the reason the Jewish people have and are persecuted, yet is the belief and intangible asset that keeps them together as a people. The Covenant is the â€Å"agreement† between God and Abraham, the patriarch of the Jewish people, that the Jews will be â€Å"the chosen people. This is a fact that is accepted by both Christians and Muslims alike. This covenant was symbolized by Abraham being circumcised and is something that is required for all Jewish males a week after they are born. This is a common misconception. All three of the major monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have more similarities than differences. Their major prophets are the same; their historical texts are born out of the Je wish Bible, and their belief in one all powerful, all knowing, and benevolent God are distinct commonalities. They all practice and worship God in different ways, but when it comes down to it, they were all born from Abraham and Sarah, meaning they are all brothers and sisters. IV. Comparing Judaism to Christianity A. Christianity Christianity is the religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It began in Palestine and was proclaimed the fulfillment of Jewish teaching regarding the coming of the messiah, promised by God to redeem man from sin. Jesus taught the doctrine of the Hebrew prophets that the Jews were God’s chosen people and therefore had the right to hear the message of the Gospel before all others. However, his teachings had a universal objective and were destined to reach every man and nation (see McCollister, J. C. The Christian Book of Why (Jonathan David, 2000). Christianity is a missionary religion, holding that Christ’s message was intended for the whole world, not just for a particular area of people. In Mark 16:15-16, Jesus is quoted as saying: â€Å"Go ye into the entire world, and preach the gospel to the whole creation. He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Christianity has been not only a religious force, but also a social and political one. Often it has been imposed by military power that hardly seems in keeping with the precepts of the gentle Jesus. Nevertheless, the moral lessons taught by Christianity have had a profound effect in teaching man to deal justly with his fellows and to observe the pleas of Jesus to â€Å"love thy neighbor as thyself† (Matthew 19:19). About one-fourth of the world’s people are Christians. Christian churches have an estimated world membership of more than 1. 6 billion—more than twice the membership of any other religion. The original basic beliefs of Christianity are stated in the Apostles’ Creed. It affirms that Jesus Christ is the son of God and that God sent him to earth to live as a man and to suffer and die for the redemption of mankind. It also states the belief that Jesus, after being crucified, arose from the dead and ascended to heaven, from which he will return to earth to judge the living and the dead. Belief that Jesus was born of a virgin mother and that there is a life for man after death are essential parts of the creed (see McCollister, J. C. The Christian Book of Why (Jonathan David, 2000). Man’s need for help from a higher power was stressed in religions earlier than Christianity. The concept of God as benevolent and forgiving—rather than as vengeful— is a main tenet of the Christina’s faith. Another Christian belief is that even though man has sinned seriously and separated himself from the love of God, he can be saved by repentance. The necessity, and therefore the possibility, of communion between God and man are accepted by all Christians (see Wiggins, James, and R. S. Ellwood. Christianity: a Cultural Perspective (Prentice-Hall, 2002). B. Doctrinal Differences At first, the gospel of Jesus was spread by his disciples, followers who remembered his sayings. As gentiles (non-Jews) as well as Jews entered the church, the influence of other minds began to be seen in the interpretation of doctrines. In this work, early Christian theologians borrowed ideas from the teachings of the Greek philosophers. At the same time, national traits and customs began to affect rituals and observances. Even within each of the three great divisions of the Christian church—Roman Catholic, Protestant, and eastern Orthodox—there are variations of practice. This is particularly true of the Protestants. The sacrament of baptism provides an example. Baptists hold that the convert must be completely immersed in water; Methodists believe that sprinkling water on the head is sufficient. Most denominations baptize infants, but some insist that the individual be old enough to understand the meaning of the sacrament (see Walker, Williston. A History of the Christian Church, 4th edition (Sribner’s, 1998). There are other differences. The Disciples of Christ and certain other Protestant groups insist upon using the Bible alone as a source of guidance. The doctrine of the Trinity—the belief that God is three beings (the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) in one divine nature—is accepted as basic by most Christians, but is rejected by Unitarians and Universalists (see Wiggins, James, and R. S. Ellwood. Christianity: a Cultural Perspective (Prentice-Hall, 2002). Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox and Anglicans recognize seven sacraments, while most Protestants recognize only those of Holy Communion (also called the Eucharist or Lord’s Supper) and baptism. Catholics believe that the priest by the sacrament of the Eucharist changes bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus. Most Protestants see in the ritual only a spiritual representation of the presence of Jesus (see Wiggins, James, and R. S. Ellwood. Christianity: a Cultural Perspective (Prentice-Hall, 2002). The method of church government us a common cause of differences between denominations. The Roman Catholic Church places final authority in the pope, whom it calls the Vicar of Christ. The Episcopal form of church government is headed by bishops of equal authority. Authority over the churches in the Presbyterian form of government is exercised by boards, called presbyteries, ministers and elected laymen. In churches with the congregational type of government, each congregation has complete local rule (see Walker, Williston. A History of the Christian Church, 4th edition (Sribner’s, 1998). IV. Conclusion Judaism is the United States has four branches: Orthodox, Reform, Conservative, and Reconstructionist. The total membership of the four branches is lower than the estimated total number of Jews in the United States, because many Jews are not outside the United States and Canada are Orthodox. Orthodox Jews advocate strict observance of traditional rituals and customs. Hasidic Jews form a small, extremely orthodox, mystical group. Many orthodox synagogues are members of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America. Reform Jews have abandoned many rituals and customs that they consider unsuited to modern life. They stress the prophetic ideas of the Bible rather than the Law, and emphasize the mission of the Jews to spread godliness throughout the world. The reform movement began early in the 19th century in Germany and is now centered mainly in the United States. The Union of American Hebrew Congregations is an association of reform congregations. Conservative Jews hold a middle ground between the orthodox and the reform. In the United States, this movement began during the 1890’s. The United Synagogue of America is the national organization of Conservative congregations. Reconstructionist Jews observe many of the traditional rituals and customs, but reject supernaturalism and divine revelation. Reconstructionist Judaism was founded by Mordecai Kaplan in the 1920’s as a movement within the Conservative branch. With the establishment of Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in 1968, it emerged as a separate branch of Judaism. How to cite World Religions Report In APA Style, Papers

Indigenous Education and Perspectives

Question: Discuss about the Indigenous Education and Perspectives. Answer: Introduction: The essay presents a detailed description of the Stolen Generations in the context of Indigenous Australians. It analyses the effect, impact and their nature on the Indigenous population. Further, the essay focuses on the significance of understanding the historical event by the educators and reflects on its relevance. Lastly, the essay discusses the undermining effect of the event and strongly supports the use of Indigenous language. The term "Stolen Generations" refers to the event and the actions between 1890-1970, including separation of families and children of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Korff, 2014). These children never met their families again and were admitted in government institutions. The non-Indigenous families adopted some of these children. In 1900s this event persuaded the Australian public to believe that the Indigenous children were poorly treated, deprived, and were at risk. They believed that the life of the children would improve if adopted by the non-Indigenous Australians or institutions that can provide them more love, care, better education and more civilized upbringing. However, the reality behind this event was different. The objective of removing these children was to introduce them to Anglo values and work habits." The rationale was to stop the passing of language, identity, cultural values to the children by their biological parents and communities such that they could be employed by the colonial settlers (Nsdc.org.au, n.d.). Children with one of the parents being white and other Indigenous were mainly targeted for this purpose. It was also believed by the Aboriginal protection boards that the outcome of this separation would be a successful assimilation of these isolated children into white society. It gave them great hopes that it would easily help in merging the mixed indigenous people with the white population (Nsdc.org.au, n.d.). However, this attempt was mainly to wipe out the Aboriginal race completely leaving only the whites. A stated by McKeich, (2006), in 1915, the Aborigines Protection Amending Act enabled taking Indigenous children away from their families neglecting the same maltreatment and negligence that they would experience any way. The act managed to remove children without the court order and parental consent. The member of the parliament of New South Wales Mr. McGarry objected this act in 1915 and described the policy as stealing the child away from its parents." It was later in 1997 that the Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission initiated a national inquiry into this separation. In 1997, the findings of this inquiry were released as Bringing Them Home (McKeich, 2006). The findings revealed many cases of forceful removal of Indigenous children from their families and communities. These findings thus led to the emergence of the term The Stolen Generations that describes the stories shared by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The Indigenous children (half-caste) who were removed were known as the "stolen generations." Throughout this period of stolen generations, every night the children were removed from their family leaving their families horified. Later the report referred to the term as forcible removal policies (McKeich, 2006). It was estimated that between 1883-1969, in NSW alone more than 60,000 children were stolen, however, there were hardly any records found of them according to Korff, (2014). The past child removal policy has s till had its effect on the Indigenous communities. They are present as either first, second or third generation member of the Stolen Generations. In 2008, Mr. Kevin Rudd the Prime Minister of Australia had apologized for stolen generation in front of the nation. Although the Indigenous Australians of the Stolen Generations accepted the apology, it neither repaired their broken hearts nor their issues. This affected population needs more support and initiatives from the nation (Davenport-West, 2009). There is wide range of challenges faced by the members of the Stolen Generations which greatly impacts their life. Children who are taken away from their family experiences trauma. These people do not come forward due to confusion, shame, and sense of not being cared. The other reason includes family and friends who lack awareness and find difficult to be open about their grief and do not prefer to dig into the past (Davenport-West, 2009). There are reports of many children experiencing psychological issues after being the victim of physical and sexual abuse by the caregivers. These greatly affect the mental health of the children thus, preventing them from coming forward (Davenport-West, 2009). There are range of factors that determines the impact of the child abuse including the existing relationship between the abuser/s and the child, type and severity of abuse, family environment of the child, the relationship between the child and the parents or other caregivers, and if any hist ory of child abuse or care, support and love (Asca.org.au, n.d). Children with experiences of abuse are found to have common psychological effects in adulthood, which are anxiety, depression, aggression and violence. According to Asca.org.au, (n.d) members of the stolen generations are highly vulnerable to these effects. As per Davenport-West, (2009) the Indigenous children and families of the stolen generations are deprived of accurate records about their marriage, birth, adoption, and other government records. Without the birth certificate, it is difficult for an individual to prove own identity. This prevents them from accessing certain services and support existing in their favor. Also, the incomplete and missing records make it difficult for the parents and children of the stolen generations to search for their lost heritage, community and family members. Even if some members return, they are highly likely to be rejected because of their poor knowledge related to Aboriginal language, community, and cultural values. Therefore, it becomes difficult for them to fit in their culture like any other stranger and are unaccepted (Davenport-West, 2009). The impact of child removal is not only limited to the first-degree relatives rather several generations. Many generations feel the pain and trauma such as families, children, grandchildren and communities. Children raised in foster homes and those who were institutionalized were found to unable to raise their children with affection and love. Since they were always devoid of compassion and warmth, they failed to bring their children appropriately (Davenport-West, 2009). The Indigenous Australians are more likely to ha ve poor physical and mental health when compared to the non-Indigenous Australians. The chronic illnesses that are highly prevalent among the Aboriginals are heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, drug and alcohol abuse, higher rates of smoking and premature birth. They experience a variety of emotional and mental health concerns and are highly represented in death and disability index. Diabetes and heart diseases are inherited conditions. Therefore, inability to track back the lost family members also poses a health risk (Davenport-West, 2009). Members of stolen generations have poor contact with the criminal justice system being in the foster care system and institutionalization. However, the police system pays greater attention to the Indigenous children as they grow into adolescence which is the outcome of the Bringing them homeReport according to McKeich, (2006). The Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander communities have a rich history with their cultural values, customs, be liefs, and language. Children adopted by the white Australians are devoid of their rich history and cultural knowledge and never felt themselves to be the part of the Indigenous population. Hence, they were discriminated and not treated as a part of the non-Indigenous society. Therefore, the knowledge of this history should also be present among the educators to teach, support and encourage the children to accept the Indigenous culture (Supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in kindergarten, 2005). The children removed from their families face a range of difficulties in schools. In Australia, the mainstream schools fail to meet the needs of the culturally and linguistically diverse group of students. They experience, difficult learning situation as they are expected to conform or assimilate like other white Australian children in the schools. Consequently, these children show the high rate of absenteeism and eventually leave school permanently. Due to child removal, the Indigenous people have lost their culture, language, and family. As a result, the Aboriginal people fail to pass on their language, cultures and traditions to their next generation. This is leading to dying of their culture and language. The learning style of Indigenous children differs from the non-Indigenous children. The Indigenous children also have legit, strong culture and pedagogies (Nichol, 2011). According to the theory of Universal Grammar put forward by Noam Chomsky, children are born with instinctive grammar capabilities. In the brain, these children are found to use the mechanism of "Language Acquisition Device'." It facilitates the learning of any language. For every child, the first three years of life are the critical period of learning. It becomes difficult to learn a new language after this age (Lemetyinen, 2012). Thus, critical learning period may also be the reason creating difficulty in learning an Indigenous language after the initial three years in children. This is the hurdle for the members of stolen generations when learning an Indigenous language. The only way to keep children engaged in learning an Indigenous culture, history and languages are to teach them through the medium of stories, art and music (Supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in kindergarten, 2005). The stolen generation have the long-term effect on the Indigenous children. However, multicultural ways of teaching can be adopted by the schools and educators to have a positive imp act on the children learning the Indigenous culture. This also assists in greater acceptance and inclusion of Indigenous culture among these children (McKeich, 2006). The essay has exhaustively discussed the impact of stolen generation on the Indigenous Australians. The essay has focused on the significance of understanding the historical event by the educators. The essay has discussed the undermining effect of stolen generations, and it strongly supports the use of Indigenous language. It made me cringe studying the way Aboriginals were treated for several years. Studying about their trauma and the painful past of Australia made my heart drop. Throughout the past decades, these populations have faced hard times. Research on this topic has helped me in gaining in-depth knowledge about the history of Indigenous Australians. The government can never rewind what has been taken away from the Indigenous people, and I feel that the apology was not enough. However, the apology and confession of wrongdoing indicate steps being taken in the right direction. References Asca.org.au,Childhood trauma and abuse can have many effects on adult health. Retrieved 10 January 2015, from https://www.asca.org.au/About/Resources/Abuse-related-conditions.aspx Davenport-West, R. (2009).Between Two Worlds Understanding the Stolen Generations.https://www.stolengenerationsvictoria.org.au/. Retrieved 8 January 2015, from https://www.stolengenerationsvictoria.org.au/sitebuilder/careers/knowledge/asset/files/54/stolengen_btwa5%283%29.pdf Korff, J. (2014).A guide to Australias Stolen Generations.Creative Spirits. Retrieved 20. December 2016, from https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/politics/a-guide-to-australias-stolen-generations Lemetyinen, H. (2012).Language Acquisition Theory | Simply Psychology.Simplypsychology.org. Retrieved 11 January 2015, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/language.html McKeich, A. (2006).Stolen Generation's Victoria- Second Step(1st ed., pp. 1-78). Retrieved from https://www.stolengenerationsvictoria.org.au/sitebuilder/careers/knowledge/asset/files/42/secondsteppdf.pdf Nichol,. (2011).INDIGENOUS PEDAGOGY AND DEVELOPMENT(1st ed., pp. 103-125). Retrieved from https://download.springer.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/static/pdf/248/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-94-6091-373-0_7.pdf?auth66=1421260076_a59bca1529e05345a224769fa4a52033ext=.pdf Nsdc.org.au,.The History of the Stolen Generations - National Sorry Day Committee. Retrieved 7 January 2015, from https://www.nsdc.org.au/stolen-generations/history-of-the-stolen-generations/the-history-of-the-stolen-generations Supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in kindergarten. (2005) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/childhood/parents/support/supportingatsikinder.pdf Yunkaporta, T. (2009).8ways - Aboriginal pedagogy research review.8ways.wikispaces.com. Retrieved 11 January 2015, from https://8ways.wikispaces.com/Aboriginal+pedagogy+research+review